Dominion Day, Canada.
George Sand, French novelist, born 1804.
Battle of Gettysburg, American Civil War, began 1863.
Christoph Gluck, German composer, born 1714.
Sir William Bragg, English physicist, born 1862.
United States President James Garfield shot, 1881.
Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1608.
Robert Adam, furniture designer, born 1728.
John S. Copley, American painter, born 1738.
Independence Day, United States; Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, and John Hancock signed it, 1776.
Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author, born 1804.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot, born 1807.
P. T. Barnum, American circus owner, born 1810.
Cecil Rhodes, British statesman and diamond king, born 1853.
Amendment 26 to the U.S. Constitution, which sets the voting age at 18, proclaimed in 1971.
John Hus, Bohemian religious reformer, burned at the stake in 1415.
Saint Thomas More beheaded, 1535.
John Paul Jones, American naval hero, born 1747.
Tanabata Matsuri (Star Festival), Japan.
Gustav Mahler, Bohemian composer, born 1860.
Gian Carlo Menotti, American composer, born 1911.
Count von Zeppelin, German inventor, born 1838.
John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist, born 1839.

Youth Day, Morocco.
Argentina declared its independence from Spain, 1816.

John Calvin, Protestant leader, born in France in 1509.
Wyoming became the 44th U.S. state, 1890.
Battle of Britain in World War II began, 1940. 
Robert I (Robert Bruce), king of Scotland, born 1274.
John Quincy Adams, sixth U.S. president, born 1767.
Aaron Burr shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel, 1804. Hamilton died the next day.
Orangemen's Day, Northern Ireland.
Henry David Thoreau, American author, born 1817.
Sir William Osler, Canadian physician, born 1849.
Celebration of Our Lady of Fatima, Portugal.
Northwest Ordinance adopted by the United States, 1787.
Mary Emma Woolley, American educator, born 1863.
Jules Cardinal Mazarin, French statesman, born 1602.
Bastille Day, France; citizens stormed the Bastille in 1789, beginning the French Revolution.
Gerald R. Ford, 38th U.S. president, born 1913.
Inigo Jones, English architect, born 1573.
Rembrandt, Dutch painter and etcher, born 1606.
Manitoba became a province of Canada, 1870.
Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter, born 1486.
Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter, born 1723.
First mission in California established at San Diego by Father Junipero Serra, 1769.
John Jacob Astor, American financier, born 1763.
Spain officially turned Florida over to the United States, 1821.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his family killed at Yekaterinburg, 1918.
W. M. Thackeray, English author, born 1811.


Samuel Colt, firearms inventor, born 1814.
Edgar Degas, French painter, born 1834.
First women's rights convention in the United States, 1848.
Francesco Petrarch, Italian poet, born 1304.
Colombia began its war for independence from Spain, 1810.
British Columbia became a Canadian province, 1871.
National Day, Belgium.
Leopold became king of Belgium, 1831.
First Battle of Bull Run, American Civil War, 1861.
Gregor Mendel, Austrian botanist, born 1822.
Battle of Atlanta in the American Civil War, 1864.

Haile Selassie I, emperor of Ethiopia, born 1892.


The British captured Gibraltar, 1704.
Simon Bolivar, South American liberator, born 1783.
Alexandre Dumas the Elder, French author, born 1802.
George Stephenson, British engineer, first successfully demonstrated a steam locomotive, 1814.
Arthur Balfour, British statesman, born 1848.
First flight across the English Channel made by Louis Bleriot, 1909.
Independence Day, Liberia.
The Netherlands declared its independence, 1581.
New York ratified the U.S. Constitution, 1788.
Bank of England incorporated, 1694.
Alexandre Dumas the Younger, French author, born 1824.
The first permanent Atlantic cable completed, 1866.
Peru became independent from Spain, 1821.
Beatrix Potter, English author and illustrator for children, born 1866.
Amendment 14 to the U.S. Constitution, defining citizenship, was proclaimed in 1868.
Alexis de Tocqueville, French politician and author, born 1805.
Booth Tarkington, American novelist, born 1869.
Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator, born 1883.
First American representative assembly met at Jamestown, Virginia, 1619.
Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer, born 1863.

Christopher Columbus reached Trinidad, 1498.
First patent in United States registered, 1790.
Milton Friedman, American economist, born 1912.
